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Friday, November 13, 2009

Companies and institute in Bio medica

List of companies and institutes that attended Biomedica 2007, 2008 and 2009

More than 1400 representatives from companies, institutions, universities, associations and communities and/or their branch organizations took part actively in Biomedica 2007 and 2008, whether as participant as sponsor or exhibitor as delegate or speaker.

An impressive list below:---

3W
4uCampus - GO Magazine
A.W.E.X. MONTRÉAL
AC Biotec GmbH
ACG
ACIST Europe BV
ADAPTA
AFPT BV
AGIT mbH
AGIT-Aachener Gesellschaft für Innovation und Technologietransfer mbH
AGITmbH
AIM B.V.
AMS FORCES LTD
ANALIS s.a.
ANALIS sa
ARESA asbl
ASML Netherlands BV
AUS - GKVK
AWEX
AZM CTC
Aachen University
Aachener Kompetenzzentrum Medizintechnik - AKM e.V.
Aachener Kompetenzzentrum Medizintechnik -AKM-
Abia State University,Umuahia
Abiomed Europe GmbH
Acist EU Bv.
Advanced Advince
Advanced Technology Corporation
Agricultural University of Gembloux
Agricultural University of Gembloux (FUSAGx)
Ahorse, Atrium MC Heerlen
Aix Scientifics
Albiotech
Alma-grid
Alma-in-Silico
Ambassade van België
Amity University
Anagnostics Hybcell Technology
Anecto
Animal Breeding Partners
Apitope International
Apitope Ltd
AplaGen GmbH
Apotheek Born
Archimedrics
Aresa
Arlenda
Artes Biotechnology
Asha International
Associatie KU Leuven
Asteca
Asterion
Atrium MC Heerlen
Atrium Medisch Centrum
Awex Montreal
BASIC Facility Management
BGV
BIOS
BIOTECH COACHING S.A.
BIOVT - RWTH Aachen University
BIRD&BIRD
BMEYE
Bakken Research Center B.V.
Banenrijklimburg b.v.
Basic Pharma B.V.
Basic Pharma Group
Baxter
Baxter R&D Europe
Bayer CropScience BioScience
Bayer Healthcare, Bayer Schering Pharma Germany
Bayer MaterialScience AG
Beldem S.A.
Beldem sa (Groupe Puratos)
Berendsen Textiel Service BV
Berendsen/Micronclean
Bio River e.V.
Bio.NRW
Bio.be
Bio.be-Association Belge de l'Industrie Biotechnologique
BioCologne e.V.
BioLiège
BioLiège, Region Wallonie
BioLog Europe
BioMedbooster BV
BioMedbooster.com
BioMedical Materials
BioPartner Center Maastricht
BioRiver - Life Science im Rheinland e.V.
BioTop Medical
BioWin
BioXpr
BioXpr SA
Bioceros BV
Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University
Bioconnection
Biofarmind
Biomarkers and Translational Research - CentocoR&D Inc.
Biomedbooster BV
Biomedical Materials
Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University
Biomedical Systems
Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut
Biometrisch Centrum b.v.
BiotechCoaching SA
Biotest Benelux
Biotronik GmbH & Co. KG
Bird & Bird
Body-grip BV
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG
Bone Therapeutics
Boston Scientific
Botschaft für Wissenschaft und Technologie NRW
Brabantse Ontwikkelings Maatschappij
Brainport
Branching Tree
Bray Med
Bretagne Valorisation
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Bénézech
C3BS
CAM
CC Consulting
CCM Centre for Concepts in Mechatronics BV
CDP Ambassade van het Koninkrijk der
CEA/Saclay Gif. S. Yvette
CEIB - Invited student
CEIB ULG
CENTEXBEL
CER Groupe
CERM
CERM, Univerity of Liège
CEVEC Pharmaceuticals
CG Consultaat-Generaal van het Koninkrijk The Netherlands
CHA
CLEANROOM SYSTEM
CNRS
CONECTUS ALSACE
CONUS Business; Advice & Training
CTMM
CTMM, the Center for Translational Molecular Medicine
Cabinet de la Ministre Marie-Dominique
Cabinet dela Ministre M-D Simonet
Caduces Technology Partners
Cambridge Healthtech Assoc.
Cap Innove
Capital Photos
Capricorn Venture Partners
Cardiio3
Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM
Carpus+Partner GmbH
Celonic GmbH
Centech
CenterPoint Energy
Centexbel Verviers
Centre Interfacultaire des Biomatériaux (CEIB)
Centre Suisse dÕElectronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM)
Centre for Concepts in Mechatronics
Ceva Santé Animale
Cevec Pharmaceuticals GmbH
Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Charles River Laboratories
Charles River Nederland
Charnwood Molecular
Chemagen Biopolymer-technolie AG
Chematronics
Chemelot Netherlands
Chiral Technologies Europe
Cide Socran
City of Düsseldorf- Office for Economic Development
City of Maastricht
Classic Imaging
Clinical Trial Center Maastricht
Clinical Trial center Maastricht
ClusterVision BV
Cochlear Technology Centre Europe
Codexis, Inc.
Collexis
Comply Services
Consulaat-generaal der Nederlanden
Crosslinks
Crucell Holland BV
Cryo-save
Culzean Medical Devices
D&L Graphics
DASGIP AG
DCPrime
DIREVO Biotech AG
DNE GmbH
DSM
DSM Biomedical
DSM Biomedical Materials
DSM Innovation Center
DSM Nederland
DSM Research - Performance Materials
DSP research, N.V. Organon, a part of
DWI RWTH-Aachen e.V.
DWI/ITMC RWTH Aachen
Dagblad de Limburger
Dagnostica Stago
Danisco Genencor
De Clercq Brants & Partners
Degussa AG - CZ-BV
Delft University of Technology
Deloitte Accountants B.V.
Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery Liege
Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology;
Dept.Orthopedic Surgery Maastricht
Deputy
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
Deutsches Textileforschungszentrum Nord-West e.V.
Development Agency East Netherlands
Dh group Benelux
Diaz
Dr. Maser GmbH
Dutch Polymer Institute
Dyax S.A.
Dynamit Nobel GmbH Explosivstoff- und Systemtechnik
D‚partement de Biologie Clinique,Service de Chimie M‚dicale
ETH Zürich
EUROGENTEC S.A.
Ecole Polytechnique
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Ecole Polytechnique Paris
Edwards Pharmaceutical Systems BV
Eindhoven University of Technology
Elektro-Wärme-Aachen
Empa
Encapson
Encapson B.V.
Enterprise Europe Network
Enterprise Ireland
Ernst & Young
Etil
Eurasante
Euro-Diagnostica BV
EuroBiO - Eurasante
EuroBiO 2009
Eurogentec Deutschland GmbH
Eurogentec S.A.
European Parliament
Eventis
FCMB
FH - Aachen / Institute of Bioengineering
FH Aachen, Abt. Jülich
FH Niederrhein
FH-Aachen
FOCAL Revalidatie Techniek BV
FUCAM
FWO
Fachhochschule Aachen
Fachhochschule Düsseldorf
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Liege
Faculty of medecine
Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix
Finance Ministery
Finance Ministery of Belgium
FlandersBio
Flandersbio vzw
Forem Formation Biotechnologie Tour GIGA
Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik
Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik Ministerium...
Forschungszentrum Julich
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Technologie-Transferbüro
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Forum Life Sciences RWTH-Aachen
Fraunhofer - Institut für Lasertechnik
Fraunhofer IIEB
Fraunhofer IME
Fraunhofer IME - MB
Fraunhofer IME - Pharmaceutical Product Development
Fraunhofer IME Plant Biotechnology
Fraunhofer IPT
Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
Fraunhofer Institute für Angewandte Informationstechnik
Fresenius Medical Care
Fujifilm Europe
GC Biotech
GED mbH
GEMBLOUX AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
GIGA - Communication
GIGA University of Liège
GIGA-BMGG
GIGA-Bioinformatique
GIGA-Coordination
GIGA-Genetique humaine
GIGA-Genotransciptomique
GIGA-Imagerie
GIGA-Oncologie
GIGA-Proteomique
GIGA-Transgenique
GRE Liege
GSK
Gemeente Heerlen
Gemeente Maastricht
Gemeente Venlo
Gemeente Venray
Genencor; A Danisco Division
Generaldirektion Forschung Europäische Kommission
Genzyme
Genzyme Flanders
Ghent University
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Global Foods R&D Unilever
Globus Ei BV
Greater Houston Partnership
Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière & SEFFID SARL
Grunenthal GmbH
Grünenthal GmbH
Gymnauniphy
HAS BRC
HIA Aachen
Harlan
Harrison Clinical Research
Harrison Clinical Research Benelux
Hasselt University
Hasselt University - Biomedical Research Institut
Hasselt University - Institute for Materials Research
Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit Limburg
Heartbeat of Life Sciences in Europe
Heartstream
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Helmholtz Institut RWTH Aachen
Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering - AME
Helmholtz-Institut - RWTH Aachen
Helmholtz-Institute for biomedical engineering and RWTH Aachen University
Helmholtz-Institute; AME
HemoLab - Cardiovascular Engineering
Henkel KGaA Düsseldorf
Henogen
Henogen S.A.
Herculesstichting
Hesperion Benelux B.V.
Hesperion Ltd.
Hezelburcht Biotop BV
High Tech Campus Eindhoven
High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH
Hogeschool Zuyd
Hycult biotechnology
IBA Molecular
ICT Regie
IDDI
IHK Aachen
IMB RWTH Aachen
IME Fraunhofer, Aachen
IMEC
INSERM
ISIS optronics
ISS Lab Ruhr GmbH
ITA
ITMC/DWI - RWTH Aachen University
ITS Baesweiler
ITV Denkendorf
IVC Management GmbH
IWT
IZKF Biomat
Imec vzw
Indes Medical Design
Industrie und Handelskammer Aachen
Innotek
Innovatiecentrum
Innovatiecentrum Limburg
Institit fur Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut fur Biotechnologie
Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik
Institut für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut für angewandte Forschung - Hochschule Reutlingen
Institute for Textile Technology
Institute for materials research (IMO)
Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN2)
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology
Institute of Pathology - RWTH Aachen
Interface Adisif Entreprises - Technology Transfer Office
Interface Entreprises - Université de Liège
Interface Entreprises-Université de Liège
Interface-Ulg
Intermedeus
Interreg Secretariaat MWME
Islamic Univ.College,Ghana
Isobionics
JSC
Jabil Belgium NV
K.U. Leuven
K.U.Leuven
KING FREEZE
KPMG Meijburg Tax Lawyers
KU Leuven
KULeuven
Kabinet Ceysens Vlaams
Kath. University Leuven
Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen
Kaunas University of Technology; Faculty of Lithuania
KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG
Kings College London
KitoZyme S.A.
Kitozyme, S.A.
Klinikum der Universität zu Köln
Kluge Concepts
Ku Leuven
L.E.D. Techno
L1 Radio TV
LBT - BLT
LIEU
LIMBURG VENTURE
LIOF Industriebank
LRM
LabAge
Labvantage
Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V.
Latvian Investment and Development Agency
Leiden University Research & Innovation
Leiden/Amsterdam Center For Drug Development
Leuven Medical Technology Center
Life Science Partners
Life Science Patents
Life Sciences Limburg
Life Tec Network
LifeTec A2
LifeTec Aachen - Jülich e.V.
LifeTec Network
LifeTecAachen-Jülich e.V.
LifeTecZONe
LifeTech Limburg.be
LifeTechLimburg
LifetecNetwork
LifetecZONe
LifetecZONe/Lifetec Network
Limburg Development Company LIOF
Limburg Onderneemt
Limburg Ventures / DSM Venturing
Logistics in Wallonia
Lonza Verviers
Lonza Verviers SPRL
Ltd REMEDINE
Lyon Science Transfert
M.A.R.C.O. GmbH & Co.KG
M2p - Labs
MCTEC BV
MCTec
MEDI-LINE
MEDI-LINE sa
MEDINVENTS
MESA+/Universiteit Twente
METRONIC
MIWFT
MLP Financial Management
MNemoscience
MP BIOMEDICALS
MUMC+
Maastrich UMC / BioPartner
Maastrich UMC / BiomedBooster
Maastrich UMC / CTCM
Maastrich UMC / Maastricht UM Holding
Maastrich UMC / Maastricht UMC Holding
Maastrich UMC / Medical Field Lab
Maastricht Instruments BV
Maastricht Instuments
Maastricht University
Maastricht University Hospital
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht University Medical Centre
Maastricht University Molecular Life Science
Magnamedics
Magnamedics Diagnostics BV
Magnamedics Hogeschool Zuyd
Matricel
Matricel GmbH
Med Eksperts
MedTech Partners
Media Group Limburg
Medical Field Lab
Medical Product Innovation
Meditech Strategic Consultants
Medtronic
Medtronic Bakken Research Center
Mercurin Consultancy B.V.
Meuse-Rhine Journal
MiPlaza - Philips Research
Micronic
Middenduin Life Sciences
Minister of higher Education and Scientific Research
Ministerie Onderwijs, Cultuur en
Ministerie van Economische Zaken
Molecular and Cellular Biology lab (FUSAGx)
Mubio
Mubio Products BV
Mucovax
Multitel
NASA / CenterPoint Energy
NRW - Ministerium für Innovation,
NRW - Ministerium für Wirtschaft,
NRW - Projektgruppe Außenwirtschaft
NRW. International GmbH
NRW.BANK
NTS-GROUP
NV BOM
NV Industriebank LIO
NV Industriebank LIOF
NYSE Euronext
NanoTox
NanoTox BV
Nanoshape
Nanyang Technological University
National Institutes of Health Bethesda
Nederlandse Hartstichting
Netzwerk Weiße Biotechnologie
Neuropathology, UK Aachen
Newtricious B.V.
NextPharma
Northwestern University
Not Applicable
OUTPUT Pharma Services GmbH
Oculus Innovative Sciences Netherlands BV
OncoMethylome Sciences S.A.
Orbitaal Speeches & Publications
Orienac Consulting
P&R medical
PHL
PHL University College / Hasselt University Belgium
PI² Wallonie
PK Benelux | Pharma Care B.V.
PLANIKLUX
POM-Limburg
PROBIOX SA
PRONOVEM
PROvendis GmbH
PSR Group
PT-DLR
PURAC
Panasonic Electronic Devices Europe GmbH
Parc Scientifique
PathoFinder B.V.
Pearland
Pearland Economic Development
Pecher Consultants - Intellectual Property
Peregrinus consulting
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG
PharmaCell
PharmaCell B.V.
PharmaXL
PharmedArtis GmbH
Pharming Group
Pharming Technologies
Philips
Philips Applied Technology
Philips Electronics India Limited
Philips Electronics Nederland B.V.
Philips Electronics Nederland e.v. Research
Philips Healthcare
Philips Research
Philips Research & TU/e
Philips Research & University Eindhoven
Philips Research / MiPlaza
Philips Research Aachen
Philips Research Laboratories
PhysIOL SA
Plant Research International, Wageningen UR
Polyplus Transfection
Private
Probiox
Produkte fur die Medizin AG
Programma Versnellingsagenda Limburg
Progressare B.V.
Promega
Pronovix
ProtMod Consulting
Protisvalor
Province de Liège
Province of Limburg
Province of Limburg (NL)
Province of Limburg(B)
Provincie Belgisch Limburg
Provincie Noord Brabant / 4C Care
Provincie Noord Brabant / Focal
Provincie Noord Brabant / Hemolab
Provincie Noord-Brabant
Provincie Overijssel
Provincie Vlaams-Brabant
Puratos S.A.
Quadled
Quality Assistance s.a.
RCC LTD
RFIDEA
RTV Maastricht
RWTH Aachen
RWTH Aachen - ALMA-GRID
RWTH Aachen - Alma Grid
RWTH Aachen - Bioverfahrenstechnik
RWTH Aachen - Department of Biotechn./Biomaterial. Sciences
RWTH Aachen - Geographical Institute
RWTH Aachen - Helmholtz Institut für Biomedizinische Technik
RWTH Aachen - Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie
RWTH Aachen - Institut für Verfahrenstechnik
RWTH Aachen - Institute for Microbiology and Genetics
RWTH Aachen - Institute für Biologie VII
RWTH Aachen - Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Biomaterialien
RWTH Aachen Bio-Medical Engineering
RWTH Aachen Institut für Biologie IV - Mikrobiologie
RWTH Aachen University
RWTH Aachen University - Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut
RWTH-Aachen
RWTH-Aachen - BME
RWTH-Aachen - Zoologisches Institut
Rechtsrheinsches Technologie- und Gründungszentrum Köln GmbH
Regierungspräsident Köln
Region Wallone
Reseau C.U.R.I.E
Roche Diagnostics Belgium
S-UBG AG
SARTORIUS STEDIM BIOTECH
SEPS pharma
SIMONIS GROUP
SPI+
SV Helix
Sanquin Blood bank North East Region
Schering-Plough
Score Consultancy
Sealed BioBusiness Consulting
SenterNovem
SenterNovem Den Haag
Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov, Russia
Sigma Aldrich NV/SA
Sigma-Aldrich NV/SA
Silicos
Silicos NV
Simbon Innovations Management Solutions B.V.
Sina Maassen
Sirris
Sis - Ter S.p.A.
Solvay Advanced Polymers
Solvias AG
Sonoco
SpinX Technology
Spintec
Spintec Engineering GmbH
Spintech Engineering
St. Jude Medical
Staatskanzlei NRW
Stadt Aachen
Startbahn MedEcon Ruhr GmbH
Steelgate
Stichting Food & Nutricion Delta
Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover - Klinik für Kleintiere
Sudan
Supervisory Board Valkenhof
Swedish Institute for Fiber and Polymer
Syntens
Syntens, Business Innovation Network
Sysmex
Systherm GmbH & Co. KG
SyynX Solutions GmbH
TASS Belgium NV
TEMA
TEMA Technologie Marketing AG
TNO
TNO I&T Future technology Center
TNO Quality of Life
TNO Science & Industry
TNT
TRIDELITY Display Solutions GmbH
TU Delft
TU Eindhoven
TUe
Technocentrum Zuid Limburg
Technocentrum Zuid-Limburg
Technologie Zentrum Dortmund
Technolution
Technomed Europe
Technopolis
The Atlas
The Mind Connection
Thema Group
Thuja Capital
TiGenix
Trade Commission - Consulate of Belgium
Transcend
Transnational University Limburg
Trasis
Trombinoscope Bv
Trombogenics NV
Twente University
UCB
UCB Pharma
UCB Pharma S.A.
UCL
ULB
ULg
ULg - Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules
ULg - Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron
ULg - laboratory of physiology of animal reproduction
ULg CEIB
ULg Cyclotron
UM Department of Epidemiology
UM Holding
UMC
UMC St Radboud
UMC Utrecht
UMONS
UWE
Uni Freiburg
Uniklinikum Aachen
Univerity of Liège
Universiteit Antwerpen
Universiteit Hasselt
Universiteit Hasselt - Biomed
Universiteit Hasselt - Campus Diepenbee
Universiteit Hasselt - Dienst Financien
Universiteit Maastricht
Universiteit Maastricht - afd Biofysica
Universiteit Maastricht, lid College van
Universiteit Nijmegen
University Catholique de Louvain
University Dresden
University Eindhoven
University Eye Clinic Maastricht
University Hasselt
University Hasselt - Institute for Materials Research
University Hospital Aachen
University Hospital Maastricht
University Hospital Maastricht - Department Orthopaedics
University Hospital Maastricht - Department of Cardiology
University Hospital RWTH Aachen
University Hospital RWTH Aachen - Department of Nephrology
University Hospital RWTH Aachen - Department of Surgery
University Hospital Tuebingen - Department of Thoracic
University Hospital of TU München
University Maastricht
University Maastricht Biomat
University Medical Center Groningen Medical Biology
University Pierre and Marie Curie
University Uppsala
University Utrecht
University of Antwerp
University of Bologna
University of Bordeaúx
University of Cambridge
University of Castillla - La Manchaa
University of Cologne
University of Ghent - PROVAXS
University of Hasselt - Faculty Life Sciences
University of Housten System
University of Limbourg
University of Liège
University of Liège - CERM
University of Liège - Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Liège - Interfacultary Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB)
University of Maastricht
University of Maastricht - Department Pharmacology and Toxicology
University of Maastricht - Etil
University of Maastricht - IDEE
University of Maastricht - NUTRIM
University of Michigan
University of Mons
University of Twente
University of Washington
University‚ Catholique de Louvain
University‚ Paris VI
Università degli Studi di Padova
Universität Duisburg-Essen
Universität Münster
Universität StuttgartUniversitatsklinikum Tubingen
Universität Wuppertal
Universität zu Köln
Université Catholique de Louvain
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Université catholique de Louvain - Unité de chimie des interfaces
Université de Liège
Université de Liège - Institut de chimie
Upper Austrian Research GmbH
UroTec GmbH
Utrecht University
VAL DU GEER
VAN DER LOOY Projektmanagement B.V.
VITO
VITO NV
VUB
VUMC
VUMC (DC-PRIME)
VUMC, dpt Pathology
VWR International
Vakbond De Unie
ValiBio Sa
Van Berlo Strategy & Design
Ventac Partners GmbH
Vesalius Biocapital Partners SàrL
Virtual Proteins
Virtual Proteins B.V.
Virtual Proteins BV
Vlaams ministerie van Economie,
Vlaamse Vertegenwoordiging
Vlaamse overheid - Departement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
WaRDeR GIE
Wageningen Universtiy
Wallonia Biotech Coaching
Wallonia Government
Walloon Region - GDO6
Walloone Center for Industrial Biology - University of Liège
Washington University School of Medicine
Well Design B.V.
Wellcare Products
Westburg B.V.
Woordvoerder Minister Ceysens
World Corier
World Terade Center Heerlen-Aachen
ZENIT GMBH
Zenit GmbH
Zentech
Zentrale Geschäftsstelle Sparkasse Aachen
annaba
antibodies-online GmbH
aws
euramedics
gemeente maastricht
mNEMOSCIENCE GmbH
mabcure
microz
nanoTox - BioPartner Center Maastricht
tech2b Gründerzentrum GmbH
vPAION AG



List of companies and institutes that attended Biomedica 2007, 2008 and 2009

More than 1400 representatives from companies, institutions, universities, associations and communities and/or their branch organizations took part actively in Biomedica 2007 and 2008, whether as participant as sponsor or exhibitor as delegate or speaker.

An impressive list below:---

3W
4uCampus - GO Magazine
A.W.E.X. MONTRÉAL
AC Biotec GmbH
ACG
ACIST Europe BV
ADAPTA
AFPT BV
AGIT mbH
AGIT-Aachener Gesellschaft für Innovation und Technologietransfer mbH
AGITmbH
AIM B.V.
AMS FORCES LTD
ANALIS s.a.
ANALIS sa
ARESA asbl
ASML Netherlands BV
AUS - GKVK
AWEX
AZM CTC
Aachen University
Aachener Kompetenzzentrum Medizintechnik - AKM e.V.
Aachener Kompetenzzentrum Medizintechnik -AKM-
Abia State University,Umuahia
Abiomed Europe GmbH
Acist EU Bv.
Advanced Advince
Advanced Technology Corporation
Agricultural University of Gembloux
Agricultural University of Gembloux (FUSAGx)
Ahorse, Atrium MC Heerlen
Aix Scientifics
Albiotech
Alma-grid
Alma-in-Silico
Ambassade van België
Amity University
Anagnostics Hybcell Technology
Anecto
Animal Breeding Partners
Apitope International
Apitope Ltd
AplaGen GmbH
Apotheek Born
Archimedrics
Aresa
Arlenda
Artes Biotechnology
Asha International
Associatie KU Leuven
Asteca
Asterion
Atrium MC Heerlen
Atrium Medisch Centrum
Awex Montreal
BASIC Facility Management
BGV
BIOS
BIOTECH COACHING S.A.
BIOVT - RWTH Aachen University
BIRD&BIRD
BMEYE
Bakken Research Center B.V.
Banenrijklimburg b.v.
Basic Pharma B.V.
Basic Pharma Group
Baxter
Baxter R&D Europe
Bayer CropScience BioScience
Bayer Healthcare, Bayer Schering Pharma Germany
Bayer MaterialScience AG
Beldem S.A.
Beldem sa (Groupe Puratos)
Berendsen Textiel Service BV
Berendsen/Micronclean
Bio River e.V.
Bio.NRW
Bio.be
Bio.be-Association Belge de l'Industrie Biotechnologique
BioCologne e.V.
BioLiège
BioLiège, Region Wallonie
BioLog Europe
BioMedbooster BV
BioMedbooster.com
BioMedical Materials
BioPartner Center Maastricht
BioRiver - Life Science im Rheinland e.V.
BioTop Medical
BioWin
BioXpr
BioXpr SA
Bioceros BV
Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University
Bioconnection
Biofarmind
Biomarkers and Translational Research - CentocoR&D Inc.
Biomedbooster BV
Biomedical Materials
Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University
Biomedical Systems
Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut
Biometrisch Centrum b.v.
BiotechCoaching SA
Biotest Benelux
Biotronik GmbH & Co. KG
Bird & Bird
Body-grip BV
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG
Bone Therapeutics
Boston Scientific
Botschaft für Wissenschaft und Technologie NRW
Brabantse Ontwikkelings Maatschappij
Brainport
Branching Tree
Bray Med
Bretagne Valorisation
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Bénézech
C3BS
CAM
CC Consulting
CCM Centre for Concepts in Mechatronics BV
CDP Ambassade van het Koninkrijk der
CEA/Saclay Gif. S. Yvette
CEIB - Invited student
CEIB ULG
CENTEXBEL
CER Groupe
CERM
CERM, Univerity of Liège
CEVEC Pharmaceuticals
CG Consultaat-Generaal van het Koninkrijk The Netherlands
CHA
CLEANROOM SYSTEM
CNRS
CONECTUS ALSACE
CONUS Business; Advice & Training
CTMM
CTMM, the Center for Translational Molecular Medicine
Cabinet de la Ministre Marie-Dominique
Cabinet dela Ministre M-D Simonet
Caduces Technology Partners
Cambridge Healthtech Assoc.
Cap Innove
Capital Photos
Capricorn Venture Partners
Cardiio3
Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht CARIM
Carpus+Partner GmbH
Celonic GmbH
Centech
CenterPoint Energy
Centexbel Verviers
Centre Interfacultaire des Biomatériaux (CEIB)
Centre Suisse dÕElectronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM)
Centre for Concepts in Mechatronics
Ceva Santé Animale
Cevec Pharmaceuticals GmbH
Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Charles River Laboratories
Charles River Nederland
Charnwood Molecular
Chemagen Biopolymer-technolie AG
Chematronics
Chemelot Netherlands
Chiral Technologies Europe
Cide Socran
City of Düsseldorf- Office for Economic Development
City of Maastricht
Classic Imaging
Clinical Trial Center Maastricht
Clinical Trial center Maastricht
ClusterVision BV
Cochlear Technology Centre Europe
Codexis, Inc.
Collexis
Comply Services
Consulaat-generaal der Nederlanden
Crosslinks
Crucell Holland BV
Cryo-save
Culzean Medical Devices
D&L Graphics
DASGIP AG
DCPrime
DIREVO Biotech AG
DNE GmbH
DSM
DSM Biomedical
DSM Biomedical Materials
DSM Innovation Center
DSM Nederland
DSM Research - Performance Materials
DSP research, N.V. Organon, a part of
DWI RWTH-Aachen e.V.
DWI/ITMC RWTH Aachen
Dagblad de Limburger
Dagnostica Stago
Danisco Genencor
De Clercq Brants & Partners
Degussa AG - CZ-BV
Delft University of Technology
Deloitte Accountants B.V.
Dept of Cardiovascular Surgery Liege
Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology;
Dept.Orthopedic Surgery Maastricht
Deputy
Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
Deutsches Textileforschungszentrum Nord-West e.V.
Development Agency East Netherlands
Dh group Benelux
Diaz
Dr. Maser GmbH
Dutch Polymer Institute
Dyax S.A.
Dynamit Nobel GmbH Explosivstoff- und Systemtechnik
D‚partement de Biologie Clinique,Service de Chimie M‚dicale
ETH Zürich
EUROGENTEC S.A.
Ecole Polytechnique
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Ecole Polytechnique Paris
Edwards Pharmaceutical Systems BV
Eindhoven University of Technology
Elektro-Wärme-Aachen
Empa
Encapson
Encapson B.V.
Enterprise Europe Network
Enterprise Ireland
Ernst & Young
Etil
Eurasante
Euro-Diagnostica BV
EuroBiO - Eurasante
EuroBiO 2009
Eurogentec Deutschland GmbH
Eurogentec S.A.
European Parliament
Eventis
FCMB
FH - Aachen / Institute of Bioengineering
FH Aachen, Abt. Jülich
FH Niederrhein
FH-Aachen
FOCAL Revalidatie Techniek BV
FUCAM
FWO
Fachhochschule Aachen
Fachhochschule Düsseldorf
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Liege
Faculty of medecine
Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix
Finance Ministery
Finance Ministery of Belgium
FlandersBio
Flandersbio vzw
Forem Formation Biotechnologie Tour GIGA
Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik
Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik Ministerium...
Forschungszentrum Julich
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Technologie-Transferbüro
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Forum Life Sciences RWTH-Aachen
Fraunhofer - Institut für Lasertechnik
Fraunhofer IIEB
Fraunhofer IME
Fraunhofer IME - MB
Fraunhofer IME - Pharmaceutical Product Development
Fraunhofer IME Plant Biotechnology
Fraunhofer IPT
Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
Fraunhofer Institute für Angewandte Informationstechnik
Fresenius Medical Care
Fujifilm Europe
GC Biotech
GED mbH
GEMBLOUX AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
GIGA - Communication
GIGA University of Liège
GIGA-BMGG
GIGA-Bioinformatique
GIGA-Coordination
GIGA-Genetique humaine
GIGA-Genotransciptomique
GIGA-Imagerie
GIGA-Oncologie
GIGA-Proteomique
GIGA-Transgenique
GRE Liege
GSK
Gemeente Heerlen
Gemeente Maastricht
Gemeente Venlo
Gemeente Venray
Genencor; A Danisco Division
Generaldirektion Forschung Europäische Kommission
Genzyme
Genzyme Flanders
Ghent University
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Global Foods R&D Unilever
Globus Ei BV
Greater Houston Partnership
Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière & SEFFID SARL
Grunenthal GmbH
Grünenthal GmbH
Gymnauniphy
HAS BRC
HIA Aachen
Harlan
Harrison Clinical Research
Harrison Clinical Research Benelux
Hasselt University
Hasselt University - Biomedical Research Institut
Hasselt University - Institute for Materials Research
Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit Limburg
Heartbeat of Life Sciences in Europe
Heartstream
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Helmholtz Institut RWTH Aachen
Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering - AME
Helmholtz-Institut - RWTH Aachen
Helmholtz-Institute for biomedical engineering and RWTH Aachen University
Helmholtz-Institute; AME
HemoLab - Cardiovascular Engineering
Henkel KGaA Düsseldorf
Henogen
Henogen S.A.
Herculesstichting
Hesperion Benelux B.V.
Hesperion Ltd.
Hezelburcht Biotop BV
High Tech Campus Eindhoven
High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH
Hogeschool Zuyd
Hycult biotechnology
IBA Molecular
ICT Regie
IDDI
IHK Aachen
IMB RWTH Aachen
IME Fraunhofer, Aachen
IMEC
INSERM
ISIS optronics
ISS Lab Ruhr GmbH
ITA
ITMC/DWI - RWTH Aachen University
ITS Baesweiler
ITV Denkendorf
IVC Management GmbH
IWT
IZKF Biomat
Imec vzw
Indes Medical Design
Industrie und Handelskammer Aachen
Innotek
Innovatiecentrum
Innovatiecentrum Limburg
Institit fur Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut fur Biotechnologie
Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik
Institut für Textiltechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut für Verfahrenstechnik der RWTH Aachen
Institut für angewandte Forschung - Hochschule Reutlingen
Institute for Textile Technology
Institute for materials research (IMO)
Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN2)
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology
Institute of Pathology - RWTH Aachen
Interface Adisif Entreprises - Technology Transfer Office
Interface Entreprises - Université de Liège
Interface Entreprises-Université de Liège
Interface-Ulg
Intermedeus
Interreg Secretariaat MWME
Islamic Univ.College,Ghana
Isobionics
JSC
Jabil Belgium NV
K.U. Leuven
K.U.Leuven
KING FREEZE
KPMG Meijburg Tax Lawyers
KU Leuven
KULeuven
Kabinet Ceysens Vlaams
Kath. University Leuven
Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen
Kaunas University of Technology; Faculty of Lithuania
KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG
Kings College London
KitoZyme S.A.
Kitozyme, S.A.
Klinikum der Universität zu Köln
Kluge Concepts
Ku Leuven
L.E.D. Techno
L1 Radio TV
LBT - BLT
LIEU
LIMBURG VENTURE
LIOF Industriebank
LRM
LabAge
Labvantage
Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V.
Latvian Investment and Development Agency
Leiden University Research & Innovation
Leiden/Amsterdam Center For Drug Development
Leuven Medical Technology Center
Life Science Partners
Life Science Patents
Life Sciences Limburg
Life Tec Network
LifeTec A2
LifeTec Aachen - Jülich e.V.
LifeTec Network
LifeTecAachen-Jülich e.V.
LifeTecZONe
LifeTech Limburg.be
LifeTechLimburg
LifetecNetwork
LifetecZONe
LifetecZONe/Lifetec Network
Limburg Development Company LIOF
Limburg Onderneemt
Limburg Ventures / DSM Venturing
Logistics in Wallonia
Lonza Verviers
Lonza Verviers SPRL
Ltd REMEDINE
Lyon Science Transfert
M.A.R.C.O. GmbH & Co.KG
M2p - Labs
MCTEC BV
MCTec
MEDI-LINE
MEDI-LINE sa
MEDINVENTS
MESA+/Universiteit Twente
METRONIC
MIWFT
MLP Financial Management
MNemoscience
MP BIOMEDICALS
MUMC+
Maastrich UMC / BioPartner
Maastrich UMC / BiomedBooster
Maastrich UMC / CTCM
Maastrich UMC / Maastricht UM Holding
Maastrich UMC / Maastricht UMC Holding
Maastrich UMC / Medical Field Lab
Maastricht Instruments BV
Maastricht Instuments
Maastricht University
Maastricht University Hospital
Maastricht University Medical Center
Maastricht University Medical Centre
Maastricht University Molecular Life Science
Magnamedics
Magnamedics Diagnostics BV
Magnamedics Hogeschool Zuyd
Matricel
Matricel GmbH
Med Eksperts
MedTech Partners
Media Group Limburg
Medical Field Lab
Medical Product Innovation
Meditech Strategic Consultants
Medtronic
Medtronic Bakken Research Center
Mercurin Consultancy B.V.
Meuse-Rhine Journal
MiPlaza - Philips Research
Micronic
Middenduin Life Sciences
Minister of higher Education and Scientific Research
Ministerie Onderwijs, Cultuur en
Ministerie van Economische Zaken
Molecular and Cellular Biology lab (FUSAGx)
Mubio
Mubio Products BV
Mucovax
Multitel
NASA / CenterPoint Energy
NRW - Ministerium für Innovation,
NRW - Ministerium für Wirtschaft,
NRW - Projektgruppe Außenwirtschaft
NRW. International GmbH
NRW.BANK
NTS-GROUP
NV BOM
NV Industriebank LIO
NV Industriebank LIOF
NYSE Euronext
NanoTox
NanoTox BV
Nanoshape
Nanyang Technological University
National Institutes of Health Bethesda
Nederlandse Hartstichting
Netzwerk Weiße Biotechnologie
Neuropathology, UK Aachen
Newtricious B.V.
NextPharma
Northwestern University
Not Applicable
OUTPUT Pharma Services GmbH
Oculus Innovative Sciences Netherlands BV
OncoMethylome Sciences S.A.
Orbitaal Speeches & Publications
Orienac Consulting
P&R medical
PHL
PHL University College / Hasselt University Belgium
PI² Wallonie
PK Benelux | Pharma Care B.V.
PLANIKLUX
POM-Limburg
PROBIOX SA
PRONOVEM
PROvendis GmbH
PSR Group
PT-DLR
PURAC
Panasonic Electronic Devices Europe GmbH
Parc Scientifique
PathoFinder B.V.
Pearland
Pearland Economic Development
Pecher Consultants - Intellectual Property
Peregrinus consulting
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG
PharmaCell
PharmaCell B.V.
PharmaXL
PharmedArtis GmbH
Pharming Group
Pharming Technologies
Philips
Philips Applied Technology
Philips Electronics India Limited
Philips Electronics Nederland B.V.
Philips Electronics Nederland e.v. Research
Philips Healthcare
Philips Research
Philips Research & TU/e
Philips Research & University Eindhoven
Philips Research / MiPlaza
Philips Research Aachen
Philips Research Laboratories
PhysIOL SA
Plant Research International, Wageningen UR
Polyplus Transfection
Private
Probiox
Produkte fur die Medizin AG
Programma Versnellingsagenda Limburg
Progressare B.V.
Promega
Pronovix
ProtMod Consulting
Protisvalor
Province de Liège
Province of Limburg
Province of Limburg (NL)
Province of Limburg(B)
Provincie Belgisch Limburg
Provincie Noord Brabant / 4C Care
Provincie Noord Brabant / Focal
Provincie Noord Brabant / Hemolab
Provincie Noord-Brabant
Provincie Overijssel
Provincie Vlaams-Brabant
Puratos S.A.
Quadled
Quality Assistance s.a.
RCC LTD
RFIDEA
RTV Maastricht
RWTH Aachen
RWTH Aachen - ALMA-GRID
RWTH Aachen - Alma Grid
RWTH Aachen - Bioverfahrenstechnik
RWTH Aachen - Department of Biotechn./Biomaterial. Sciences
RWTH Aachen - Geographical Institute
RWTH Aachen - Helmholtz Institut für Biomedizinische Technik
RWTH Aachen - Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie
RWTH Aachen - Institut für Verfahrenstechnik
RWTH Aachen - Institute for Microbiology and Genetics
RWTH Aachen - Institute für Biologie VII
RWTH Aachen - Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Biomaterialien
RWTH Aachen Bio-Medical Engineering
RWTH Aachen Institut für Biologie IV - Mikrobiologie
RWTH Aachen University
RWTH Aachen University - Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut
RWTH-Aachen
RWTH-Aachen - BME
RWTH-Aachen - Zoologisches Institut
Rechtsrheinsches Technologie- und Gründungszentrum Köln GmbH
Regierungspräsident Köln
Region Wallone
Reseau C.U.R.I.E
Roche Diagnostics Belgium
S-UBG AG
SARTORIUS STEDIM BIOTECH
SEPS pharma
SIMONIS GROUP
SPI+
SV Helix
Sanquin Blood bank North East Region
Schering-Plough
Score Consultancy
Sealed BioBusiness Consulting
SenterNovem
SenterNovem Den Haag
Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov, Russia
Sigma Aldrich NV/SA
Sigma-Aldrich NV/SA
Silicos
Silicos NV
Simbon Innovations Management Solutions B.V.
Sina Maassen
Sirris
Sis - Ter S.p.A.
Solvay Advanced Polymers
Solvias AG
Sonoco
SpinX Technology
Spintec
Spintec Engineering GmbH
Spintech Engineering
St. Jude Medical
Staatskanzlei NRW
Stadt Aachen
Startbahn MedEcon Ruhr GmbH
Steelgate
Stichting Food & Nutricion Delta
Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover - Klinik für Kleintiere
Sudan
Supervisory Board Valkenhof
Swedish Institute for Fiber and Polymer
Syntens
Syntens, Business Innovation Network
Sysmex
Systherm GmbH & Co. KG
SyynX Solutions GmbH
TASS Belgium NV
TEMA
TEMA Technologie Marketing AG
TNO
TNO I&T Future technology Center
TNO Quality of Life
TNO Science & Industry
TNT
TRIDELITY Display Solutions GmbH
TU Delft
TU Eindhoven
TUe
Technocentrum Zuid Limburg
Technocentrum Zuid-Limburg
Technologie Zentrum Dortmund
Technolution
Technomed Europe
Technopolis
The Atlas
The Mind Connection
Thema Group
Thuja Capital
TiGenix
Trade Commission - Consulate of Belgium
Transcend
Transnational University Limburg
Trasis
Trombinoscope Bv
Trombogenics NV
Twente University
UCB
UCB Pharma
UCB Pharma S.A.
UCL
ULB
ULg
ULg - Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules
ULg - Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron
ULg - laboratory of physiology of animal reproduction
ULg CEIB
ULg Cyclotron
UM Department of Epidemiology
UM Holding
UMC
UMC St Radboud
UMC Utrecht
UMONS
UWE
Uni Freiburg
Uniklinikum Aachen
Univerity of Liège
Universiteit Antwerpen
Universiteit Hasselt
Universiteit Hasselt - Biomed
Universiteit Hasselt - Campus Diepenbee
Universiteit Hasselt - Dienst Financien
Universiteit Maastricht
Universiteit Maastricht - afd Biofysica
Universiteit Maastricht, lid College van
Universiteit Nijmegen
University Catholique de Louvain
University Dresden
University Eindhoven
University Eye Clinic Maastricht
University Hasselt
University Hasselt - Institute for Materials Research
University Hospital Aachen
University Hospital Maastricht
University Hospital Maastricht - Department Orthopaedics
University Hospital Maastricht - Department of Cardiology
University Hospital RWTH Aachen
University Hospital RWTH Aachen - Department of Nephrology
University Hospital RWTH Aachen - Department of Surgery
University Hospital Tuebingen - Department of Thoracic
University Hospital of TU München
University Maastricht
University Maastricht Biomat
University Medical Center Groningen Medical Biology
University Pierre and Marie Curie
University Uppsala
University Utrecht
University of Antwerp
University of Bologna
University of Bordeaúx
University of Cambridge
University of Castillla - La Manchaa
University of Cologne
University of Ghent - PROVAXS
University of Hasselt - Faculty Life Sciences
University of Housten System
University of Limbourg
University of Liège
University of Liège - CERM
University of Liège - Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Liège - Interfacultary Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB)
University of Maastricht
University of Maastricht - Department Pharmacology and Toxicology
University of Maastricht - Etil
University of Maastricht - IDEE
University of Maastricht - NUTRIM
University of Michigan
University of Mons
University of Twente
University of Washington
University‚ Catholique de Louvain
University‚ Paris VI
Università degli Studi di Padova
Universität Duisburg-Essen
Universität Münster
Universität StuttgartUniversitatsklinikum Tubingen
Universität Wuppertal
Universität zu Köln
Université Catholique de Louvain
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Université catholique de Louvain - Unité de chimie des interfaces
Université de Liège
Université de Liège - Institut de chimie
Upper Austrian Research GmbH
UroTec GmbH
Utrecht University
VAL DU GEER
VAN DER LOOY Projektmanagement B.V.
VITO
VITO NV
VUB
VUMC
VUMC (DC-PRIME)
VUMC, dpt Pathology
VWR International
Vakbond De Unie
ValiBio Sa
Van Berlo Strategy & Design
Ventac Partners GmbH
Vesalius Biocapital Partners SàrL
Virtual Proteins
Virtual Proteins B.V.
Virtual Proteins BV
Vlaams ministerie van Economie,
Vlaamse Vertegenwoordiging
Vlaamse overheid - Departement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
WaRDeR GIE
Wageningen Universtiy
Wallonia Biotech Coaching
Wallonia Government
Walloon Region - GDO6
Walloone Center for Industrial Biology - University of Liège
Washington University School of Medicine
Well Design B.V.
Wellcare Products
Westburg B.V.
Woordvoerder Minister Ceysens
World Corier
World Terade Center Heerlen-Aachen
ZENIT GMBH
Zenit GmbH
Zentech
Zentrale Geschäftsstelle Sparkasse Aachen
annaba
antibodies-online GmbH
aws
euramedics
gemeente maastricht
mNEMOSCIENCE GmbH
mabcure
microz
nanoTox - BioPartner Center Maastricht
tech2b Gründerzentrum GmbH
vPAION AG



Companies interview Questions

Some question in an company interview
Question Explain how you would be an asset to this organization.
Answer-- You should be anxious for this question. It gives you a chance to highlight your best points as they relate to the position being discussed. Give a little advance thought to this relationship.

---Every person has one capacity & i have the capacity that I can manage every thing & i am working hartly.

Question Why do you want to work for this organization?
Answer-- This may take some thought and certainly, should be based on the research you have done on the organization. Sincerity is extremely important here and will easily be sensed. Relate it to your long-term career goals.

--- I whant to work with your group because your company is rising and reputed and i am also want to be a part of this company. My motto of life is not only Dosh but i what to be a public figure and want to feel proud while telling to others about my working company. I have read more about this company this company provide good salary and incentive so that a worker toil for work. About my self i am a self motivated and hard working person. I am honest and humble and always try to be worthy for this company as possible. my dream is to give my all skills and astutes for your communication. so that not only i while my working company will get sucess


Question What do you know about this organization?
Answer-- This question is one reason to do some research on the organization before the interview.
Find out where they have been and where they are going. What are the current issues and who are the major players?


Question Do you have any questions for me?
Answer-- Always have some questions prepared. Questions prepared where you will be an asset to the organization are good. How soon will I be able to be productive? and What type of projects will I be able to assist on? are examples.

---Be prepared to answer this question.The bets way u can attract the interviewer is to give an answer that is beneficial to the organisation.I prefer "Well sir, what are the computer languages that I need to learn,so that I can implement them quickly and help in building up our organization".


Question Do you know anyone who works for us?
Answer-- Be aware of the policy on relatives working for the organization. This can affect your answer even though they asked about friends not relatives. Be careful to mention a friend only if they are well thought of.


Question What might make you leave this job?
Answer-- Being an optimistic person by act, I dont think otherwise.

---This is one of those trick questions well but it has a simple answer,firstly u need to avoid the extreme ans like DEATH,PERSONAL ,REASONS,ETC..,but also at the same time not be minimul in your ans that is BETTER JOB OFFERS,etc,but the ans is ,"I would leave this job only if it tries or restricts my creativity and makes my working area restricted to old meathods i.e if i wanna get some new ideas in my job and i have no one to hear them or give me their advice then i wud leave this job".

---There can't be any particular answer for this question. But one thing one shouldnt be saying is that not to say anything bad either about the people or the managers or the company. Also don't say that you have lost the interest in doing that job. The most suitable answer could be that you can tell them that you are on a look out of a better prospects and which is not possible at your current job and let the interviewer know that prospect.

---The Reason that would make me leave this job is monotonous work. If I am not enjoying my work, there is no point in just becoming monotonous. Also, another factoe that would make me leave this job is the Work Environment. If the work environment is not healthy to work in i.e. the amount of stress, pressure are mounting on me without any reason I would leave the job.

---When the Company is not getting benefitted by me as well as if I am not getting benefitted by the Company, then there is no meaning in continuing the job.

---I feel best answer to this question is unhealthy, non-learning, stern atmostphere (no recognition & reward for good work) will lead anyone to quit any organization.

1) When i have to do job which is out of my job profile
2) I been neglected for my devlopment when performance is improving every comparative period.
3) When my position is put in to lower level then i aplied for.
4)When its thinking that i must have been paid more and paid less as per industry standard.

---if i don t get the job satisfaction or there is not that type of work which bulid my creativeness.

Question What are your strengths and weaknesses?
Answer-- Strengths:

self motivated achievegoals,hardworking

weakness.

involve in everything

---Strengths:
outgoing, reliable, and a quick learner, work under no or minimal supervision.

Weakness: Sometimes I am a perfectionist. I like everything to be done right.

---my strengths-my simplicity for dat i believe in simple living n high thinking,my coolness-i can work easily under presurrised conditions,wont get tensed.n ofcouse i m a fast learner,hardworking,dedicated n more

weakness-if i gave some work 2 sometime it shul b completed by time...oder wise it increases my temper.
and i can work better in team-i.e. alone we fall,united we stand

---It may always be answered like it as for me 'there is no strength and weakness like as some times strength become weakness and some times weakness become strength's.You can prepare some nice example to quote in this perspective.

---My weakness are i go on work for longer time, easy going,doing everything slowly and my STRENGTHNESS are my weakness.

---My strengths: positive thinker,patience,well-mannered-toleration,politeness,former National Athlete, dancer,singer,chess player,Badminton,Cooking,Reading Books(all sorts).
My Weakness:very very Generous

---My Strength is i can overcome all my weaknesses, and i don't think there is any weakness that i cannot overcome so i don't have one....


Question What kind of job do you see yourself holding five years from now?
Answer-- Im looking for the job which makes me more productive,
in which i can have more intrest, a job in which i can
lern more, in which i can be more creative, to work
with good environment and with good people and
management, if i get the job which have all these
things, then i don't think about any jumping..

---Be specific related to your job.
I might take a couple of years more to learn about my job better and increase efficiency.By 5 years I expect to climb up the corporate ladder a couple of times.

Question How does this job fit in with your overall career goals?
Answer-- It will give me a head start and become the backbone for my future career since I am considering pursuing such job as my career.

This job is of my interest and need , this is the starting point for my carrier , hence it suits me.

Question What do you feel you need to develop in terms of skill & knowledge in order to be ready for that opportunity?
Answer-- first thing is 2 keep our mind in control try to learn something from others with out any hesitation and try 2 implement it in a better manner

Question Any question which can be asked from a software company when they told to ask any question?
Question Why should i join this industry?

Some question in an company interview
Question Explain how you would be an asset to this organization.
Answer-- You should be anxious for this question. It gives you a chance to highlight your best points as they relate to the position being discussed. Give a little advance thought to this relationship.

---Every person has one capacity & i have the capacity that I can manage every thing & i am working hartly.

Question Why do you want to work for this organization?
Answer-- This may take some thought and certainly, should be based on the research you have done on the organization. Sincerity is extremely important here and will easily be sensed. Relate it to your long-term career goals.

--- I whant to work with your group because your company is rising and reputed and i am also want to be a part of this company. My motto of life is not only Dosh but i what to be a public figure and want to feel proud while telling to others about my working company. I have read more about this company this company provide good salary and incentive so that a worker toil for work. About my self i am a self motivated and hard working person. I am honest and humble and always try to be worthy for this company as possible. my dream is to give my all skills and astutes for your communication. so that not only i while my working company will get sucess


Question What do you know about this organization?
Answer-- This question is one reason to do some research on the organization before the interview.
Find out where they have been and where they are going. What are the current issues and who are the major players?


Question Do you have any questions for me?
Answer-- Always have some questions prepared. Questions prepared where you will be an asset to the organization are good. How soon will I be able to be productive? and What type of projects will I be able to assist on? are examples.

---Be prepared to answer this question.The bets way u can attract the interviewer is to give an answer that is beneficial to the organisation.I prefer "Well sir, what are the computer languages that I need to learn,so that I can implement them quickly and help in building up our organization".


Question Do you know anyone who works for us?
Answer-- Be aware of the policy on relatives working for the organization. This can affect your answer even though they asked about friends not relatives. Be careful to mention a friend only if they are well thought of.


Question What might make you leave this job?
Answer-- Being an optimistic person by act, I dont think otherwise.

---This is one of those trick questions well but it has a simple answer,firstly u need to avoid the extreme ans like DEATH,PERSONAL ,REASONS,ETC..,but also at the same time not be minimul in your ans that is BETTER JOB OFFERS,etc,but the ans is ,"I would leave this job only if it tries or restricts my creativity and makes my working area restricted to old meathods i.e if i wanna get some new ideas in my job and i have no one to hear them or give me their advice then i wud leave this job".

---There can't be any particular answer for this question. But one thing one shouldnt be saying is that not to say anything bad either about the people or the managers or the company. Also don't say that you have lost the interest in doing that job. The most suitable answer could be that you can tell them that you are on a look out of a better prospects and which is not possible at your current job and let the interviewer know that prospect.

---The Reason that would make me leave this job is monotonous work. If I am not enjoying my work, there is no point in just becoming monotonous. Also, another factoe that would make me leave this job is the Work Environment. If the work environment is not healthy to work in i.e. the amount of stress, pressure are mounting on me without any reason I would leave the job.

---When the Company is not getting benefitted by me as well as if I am not getting benefitted by the Company, then there is no meaning in continuing the job.

---I feel best answer to this question is unhealthy, non-learning, stern atmostphere (no recognition & reward for good work) will lead anyone to quit any organization.

1) When i have to do job which is out of my job profile
2) I been neglected for my devlopment when performance is improving every comparative period.
3) When my position is put in to lower level then i aplied for.
4)When its thinking that i must have been paid more and paid less as per industry standard.

---if i don t get the job satisfaction or there is not that type of work which bulid my creativeness.

Question What are your strengths and weaknesses?
Answer-- Strengths:

self motivated achievegoals,hardworking

weakness.

involve in everything

---Strengths:
outgoing, reliable, and a quick learner, work under no or minimal supervision.

Weakness: Sometimes I am a perfectionist. I like everything to be done right.

---my strengths-my simplicity for dat i believe in simple living n high thinking,my coolness-i can work easily under presurrised conditions,wont get tensed.n ofcouse i m a fast learner,hardworking,dedicated n more

weakness-if i gave some work 2 sometime it shul b completed by time...oder wise it increases my temper.
and i can work better in team-i.e. alone we fall,united we stand

---It may always be answered like it as for me 'there is no strength and weakness like as some times strength become weakness and some times weakness become strength's.You can prepare some nice example to quote in this perspective.

---My weakness are i go on work for longer time, easy going,doing everything slowly and my STRENGTHNESS are my weakness.

---My strengths: positive thinker,patience,well-mannered-toleration,politeness,former National Athlete, dancer,singer,chess player,Badminton,Cooking,Reading Books(all sorts).
My Weakness:very very Generous

---My Strength is i can overcome all my weaknesses, and i don't think there is any weakness that i cannot overcome so i don't have one....


Question What kind of job do you see yourself holding five years from now?
Answer-- Im looking for the job which makes me more productive,
in which i can have more intrest, a job in which i can
lern more, in which i can be more creative, to work
with good environment and with good people and
management, if i get the job which have all these
things, then i don't think about any jumping..

---Be specific related to your job.
I might take a couple of years more to learn about my job better and increase efficiency.By 5 years I expect to climb up the corporate ladder a couple of times.

Question How does this job fit in with your overall career goals?
Answer-- It will give me a head start and become the backbone for my future career since I am considering pursuing such job as my career.

This job is of my interest and need , this is the starting point for my carrier , hence it suits me.

Question What do you feel you need to develop in terms of skill & knowledge in order to be ready for that opportunity?
Answer-- first thing is 2 keep our mind in control try to learn something from others with out any hesitation and try 2 implement it in a better manner

Question Any question which can be asked from a software company when they told to ask any question?
Question Why should i join this industry?

Biomedical Science Courses -

Biomedical courses

-------->Why Study One?

From the day you were a newborn baby a biomedical scientist will have carried out tests on your health.

Anytime you have visited hospital when ill or had a sample taken from you by a doctor or nurse these would have been analysed by a biomedical scientist without whom it would not be possible to diagnose illness and evaluate the effectiveness of the necessary treatment. Doctors treat their patients based on results of the vital tests and investigations that diagnose often serious and life threatening illnesses such as cancer, AIDS or diabetes.

Without biomedical scientists departments such as Accident & Emergency and operating theatres could not properly function. The many roles of support by biomedical scientists for A & E and theatre surgery includes tests for emergency blood transfusions and blood grouping as well as tests on samples from patients who have overdosed on unknown substances, or may have leukaemia or are suspected of having a heart attack.

The successful performance of this key role in modern healthcare relies on the accuracy and efficiency of work by biomedical scientists because patients' lives and the treatment of illness depend on their skill and knowledge.

Cancer, diabetes, toxicological study, blood transfusion, anaemia, meningitis, hepatitis and AIDS are just some of the medical conditions they investigate. They also perform a key role in screening cervical smears, identify viruses and diseases and monitor the effects of medication and other treatments.

Scientists learn to work with computers, sophisticated automated equipment, microscopes and other hi-tech laboratory equipment. They employ a wide range of complex modern techniques.


---------->What career opportunities are there?
Biomedical science courses lead to a continually changing, dynamic profession with long-term career prospects including management, research, education and specialised laboratory work. Biomedical scientists mostly work in National Health Service laboratories. Some examine and foodstuffs and water for Public Health Laboratory Service to make sure they are suitable for human consumption. Others work in the National Blood Authority providing support to hospital blood banks and the Blood Transfusion Service. Biomedical scientists working for the Medical Research Council carry out research in the medical and biological sciences to help preserve health and combat and control disease.

Biomedical scientists are also employed in a variety of roles including the veterinary service, the Health and Safety Executive, university and forensic laboratories, pharmaceutical and product manufacturers, Her Majesty's Forces and various government departments.

There are also opportunities for biomedical scientists to use their training and skills in healthcare posts and projects around the world. They are involved in voluntary work in developing countries on behalf of international bodies such as the World Health Organisation and the Voluntary Service Overseas.

Biomedical science represents an opportunity to put scientific knowledge into practical use and perform a key role within medical healthcare that offers career satisfaction for many in the profession. Biomedical scientists learn skills and gain qualifications that can be transferred all over the UK and can be recognised worldwide.


-----------> How do I become a biomedical scientist?

Biomedical science courses together with modern pathology and biomedical laboratory work involve complex and diverse investigations that require an in-depth scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology. Like many other professions a biomedical scientist will need to complete a university degree course. University entry qualifications usually include 'A' Level biology and chemistry and GCSE mathematics or equivalent.

BSc biomedical science degrees at Honours level are designed for students to receive basic scientific knowledge and training.



-------------- What happens next?

After obtaining an honours degree, a graduate will require a minimum of a year's in service training. All biomedical scientists working in a NHS laboratory must, by Act of Parliament, be State Registered and will be required to submit a logbook of their training to the Health Professions Council (HPS). The practical experience needed for State Registration is often incorporated into sandwich degree honours courses.

After graduating biomedical scientists then go on to specialise in one of the following laboratory disciplines:

Medical Microbiology - disease-causing microorganisms are isolated for identification and for susceptible to antibiotic therapy. Diseases diagnosed in this way include meningitis, food poisoning, and legionnaire's disease.

Clinical Chemistry - scientists analyse blood and other biological materials to assist the diagnose of, for example, diabetes. They carry out toxicological studies, test kidney and liver functions and to help monitor therapies.

Transfusion science - biomedical scientists support hospital blood banks and the blood transfusion service. They prepare blood transfusions and plasma fractions to administer to patients and are responsible for ensuring that the blood groups of both donors and patients are compatible.

Haematology - involves the study of the morphology and physiology of blood to identify abnormalities within the different types of blood cells. Such tests are necessary to diagnosis different types of anaemia and leukaemia.

Histopathology - tissue samples from surgical operations and autopsies are processed for microscopy using specialist techniques.

Cytology - this discipline is best known for its work in screening cervical smears but it also provides a non-gynaecological service. Like histopathology specialised techniques are used to prepare and study samples of cellular materials.

Virology - specialists test for infections such as rubella, herpes simplex, hepatitis and HIV and also screen selected populations at risk from virus disease. Rapid diagnosis is particularly important in this discipline in order to prevent the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Immunology - deals with the conditions of the body's immune system and its role in infectious diseases, parasitic infestations, allergies, tumour growth, tissue grafts and organ transplants. This discipline is particularly important in the monitoring and treatment of AIDS.

The education and training of biomedical scientists is a process, which continues throughout their career in order to ensure that skills and knowledge are kept up to date with the ever changing and expanding role of the profession.

Scientists learn to work with computers, sophisticated automated equipment, microscopes and other hi-tech laboratory equipment. They employ a wide range of complex modern techniques.

Biomedical courses

-------->Why Study One?

From the day you were a newborn baby a biomedical scientist will have carried out tests on your health.

Anytime you have visited hospital when ill or had a sample taken from you by a doctor or nurse these would have been analysed by a biomedical scientist without whom it would not be possible to diagnose illness and evaluate the effectiveness of the necessary treatment. Doctors treat their patients based on results of the vital tests and investigations that diagnose often serious and life threatening illnesses such as cancer, AIDS or diabetes.

Without biomedical scientists departments such as Accident & Emergency and operating theatres could not properly function. The many roles of support by biomedical scientists for A & E and theatre surgery includes tests for emergency blood transfusions and blood grouping as well as tests on samples from patients who have overdosed on unknown substances, or may have leukaemia or are suspected of having a heart attack.

The successful performance of this key role in modern healthcare relies on the accuracy and efficiency of work by biomedical scientists because patients' lives and the treatment of illness depend on their skill and knowledge.

Cancer, diabetes, toxicological study, blood transfusion, anaemia, meningitis, hepatitis and AIDS are just some of the medical conditions they investigate. They also perform a key role in screening cervical smears, identify viruses and diseases and monitor the effects of medication and other treatments.

Scientists learn to work with computers, sophisticated automated equipment, microscopes and other hi-tech laboratory equipment. They employ a wide range of complex modern techniques.


---------->What career opportunities are there?
Biomedical science courses lead to a continually changing, dynamic profession with long-term career prospects including management, research, education and specialised laboratory work. Biomedical scientists mostly work in National Health Service laboratories. Some examine and foodstuffs and water for Public Health Laboratory Service to make sure they are suitable for human consumption. Others work in the National Blood Authority providing support to hospital blood banks and the Blood Transfusion Service. Biomedical scientists working for the Medical Research Council carry out research in the medical and biological sciences to help preserve health and combat and control disease.

Biomedical scientists are also employed in a variety of roles including the veterinary service, the Health and Safety Executive, university and forensic laboratories, pharmaceutical and product manufacturers, Her Majesty's Forces and various government departments.

There are also opportunities for biomedical scientists to use their training and skills in healthcare posts and projects around the world. They are involved in voluntary work in developing countries on behalf of international bodies such as the World Health Organisation and the Voluntary Service Overseas.

Biomedical science represents an opportunity to put scientific knowledge into practical use and perform a key role within medical healthcare that offers career satisfaction for many in the profession. Biomedical scientists learn skills and gain qualifications that can be transferred all over the UK and can be recognised worldwide.


-----------> How do I become a biomedical scientist?

Biomedical science courses together with modern pathology and biomedical laboratory work involve complex and diverse investigations that require an in-depth scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology. Like many other professions a biomedical scientist will need to complete a university degree course. University entry qualifications usually include 'A' Level biology and chemistry and GCSE mathematics or equivalent.

BSc biomedical science degrees at Honours level are designed for students to receive basic scientific knowledge and training.



-------------- What happens next?

After obtaining an honours degree, a graduate will require a minimum of a year's in service training. All biomedical scientists working in a NHS laboratory must, by Act of Parliament, be State Registered and will be required to submit a logbook of their training to the Health Professions Council (HPS). The practical experience needed for State Registration is often incorporated into sandwich degree honours courses.

After graduating biomedical scientists then go on to specialise in one of the following laboratory disciplines:

Medical Microbiology - disease-causing microorganisms are isolated for identification and for susceptible to antibiotic therapy. Diseases diagnosed in this way include meningitis, food poisoning, and legionnaire's disease.

Clinical Chemistry - scientists analyse blood and other biological materials to assist the diagnose of, for example, diabetes. They carry out toxicological studies, test kidney and liver functions and to help monitor therapies.

Transfusion science - biomedical scientists support hospital blood banks and the blood transfusion service. They prepare blood transfusions and plasma fractions to administer to patients and are responsible for ensuring that the blood groups of both donors and patients are compatible.

Haematology - involves the study of the morphology and physiology of blood to identify abnormalities within the different types of blood cells. Such tests are necessary to diagnosis different types of anaemia and leukaemia.

Histopathology - tissue samples from surgical operations and autopsies are processed for microscopy using specialist techniques.

Cytology - this discipline is best known for its work in screening cervical smears but it also provides a non-gynaecological service. Like histopathology specialised techniques are used to prepare and study samples of cellular materials.

Virology - specialists test for infections such as rubella, herpes simplex, hepatitis and HIV and also screen selected populations at risk from virus disease. Rapid diagnosis is particularly important in this discipline in order to prevent the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Immunology - deals with the conditions of the body's immune system and its role in infectious diseases, parasitic infestations, allergies, tumour growth, tissue grafts and organ transplants. This discipline is particularly important in the monitoring and treatment of AIDS.

The education and training of biomedical scientists is a process, which continues throughout their career in order to ensure that skills and knowledge are kept up to date with the ever changing and expanding role of the profession.

Scientists learn to work with computers, sophisticated automated equipment, microscopes and other hi-tech laboratory equipment. They employ a wide range of complex modern techniques.

Biomedical Engineering schools in UK

Top Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering schools in UK

This section lists the graduate/postgraduate school rankings available for Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering engineering programs in UK:
Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering U.K. News Rank University--


1-Northumbria Commercial Enterprises Ltd
2-Oxford University
3-University Of Liverpool
4-King's College London (University Of London)
5-University Of Central Lancashire
6-Anglia Ruskin University
7-De Montfort University
8-University College London - Ucl (University Of London)
9-University Of Strathclyde
10-University Of Warwick
11-Kingston University London
12-University Of Aberdeen
13-London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine
14-University Of Chester
15-University Of The West Of England, Bristol
16-Manchester Metropolitan University
17-Nottingham Trent University
18-University Of Portsmouth
19-University Of Bradford
20-University Of Plymouth
21-University Of Surrey
22-University Of Manchester (The)
23-Edinburgh Napier University
24-University Of Nottingham
25-Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine
26-Sheffield Hallam University
27-University Of Wolverhampton
23-City University London
28-Newcastle University
29-Durham University
30-University Of Hull
31-University Of Salford
32-University Of Wales Institute, Cardiff (Uwic)
33-University Of Bristol
34-University Of Glasgow
35-Cranfield University
36-Glasgow Caledonian University
37-Queen's University Belfast
38-University Of Dundee
39-Aston University, Birmingham
40-University Of East London
41-University Of Edinburgh
42-Bournemouth University
43-Birkbeck, University Of London
44-University Of Ulster
45-University Of Leeds
46-University Of Sheffield
47-University Of Brighton
48-Royal Holloway, University Of London
49-Queen Mary, University Of London
50-University Of Cambridge
51-London Metropolitan University
52-Robert Gordon University
53-Cardiff University
54-University Of Westminster
55-University Of Bolton
56-University Of Birmingham
57Imperial College London
58-Northumbria University
59-University Of Greenwich
60-Middlesex University
61-Thames Valley University (TVU)
62-Lancaster University
63-St Georges, University Of London
64-Oxford University, Department For Continuing Education
65-Liverpool John Moores University

Top Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering schools in UK

This section lists the graduate/postgraduate school rankings available for Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering engineering programs in UK:
Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering U.K. News Rank University--


1-Northumbria Commercial Enterprises Ltd
2-Oxford University
3-University Of Liverpool
4-King's College London (University Of London)
5-University Of Central Lancashire
6-Anglia Ruskin University
7-De Montfort University
8-University College London - Ucl (University Of London)
9-University Of Strathclyde
10-University Of Warwick
11-Kingston University London
12-University Of Aberdeen
13-London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine
14-University Of Chester
15-University Of The West Of England, Bristol
16-Manchester Metropolitan University
17-Nottingham Trent University
18-University Of Portsmouth
19-University Of Bradford
20-University Of Plymouth
21-University Of Surrey
22-University Of Manchester (The)
23-Edinburgh Napier University
24-University Of Nottingham
25-Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine
26-Sheffield Hallam University
27-University Of Wolverhampton
23-City University London
28-Newcastle University
29-Durham University
30-University Of Hull
31-University Of Salford
32-University Of Wales Institute, Cardiff (Uwic)
33-University Of Bristol
34-University Of Glasgow
35-Cranfield University
36-Glasgow Caledonian University
37-Queen's University Belfast
38-University Of Dundee
39-Aston University, Birmingham
40-University Of East London
41-University Of Edinburgh
42-Bournemouth University
43-Birkbeck, University Of London
44-University Of Ulster
45-University Of Leeds
46-University Of Sheffield
47-University Of Brighton
48-Royal Holloway, University Of London
49-Queen Mary, University Of London
50-University Of Cambridge
51-London Metropolitan University
52-Robert Gordon University
53-Cardiff University
54-University Of Westminster
55-University Of Bolton
56-University Of Birmingham
57Imperial College London
58-Northumbria University
59-University Of Greenwich
60-Middlesex University
61-Thames Valley University (TVU)
62-Lancaster University
63-St Georges, University Of London
64-Oxford University, Department For Continuing Education
65-Liverpool John Moores University

Top Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering schools in UK



This section lists the graduate/postgraduate school rankings available for Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering engineering programs in UK:
Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering U.K. News Rank University--


1-Northumbria Commercial Enterprises Ltd
2-Oxford University
3-University Of Liverpool
4-King's College London (University Of London)
5-University Of Central Lancashire
6-Anglia Ruskin University
7-De Montfort University
8-University College London - Ucl (University Of London)
9-University Of Strathclyde
10-University Of Warwick
11-Kingston University London
12-University Of Aberdeen
13-London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine
14-University Of Chester
15-University Of The West Of England, Bristol
16-Manchester Metropolitan University
17-Nottingham Trent University
18-University Of Portsmouth
19-University Of Bradford
20-University Of Plymouth
21-University Of Surrey
22-University Of Manchester (The)
23-Edinburgh Napier University
24-University Of Nottingham
25-Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine
26-Sheffield Hallam University
27-University Of Wolverhampton
23-City University London
28-Newcastle University
29-Durham University
30-University Of Hull
31-University Of Salford
32-University Of Wales Institute, Cardiff (Uwic)
33-University Of Bristol
34-University Of Glasgow
35-Cranfield University
36-Glasgow Caledonian University
37-Queen's University Belfast
38-University Of Dundee
39-Aston University, Birmingham
40-University Of East London
41-University Of Edinburgh
42-Bournemouth University
43-Birkbeck, University Of London
44-University Of Ulster
45-University Of Leeds
46-University Of Sheffield
47-University Of Brighton
48-Royal Holloway, University Of London
49-Queen Mary, University Of London
50-University Of Cambridge
51-London Metropolitan University
52-Robert Gordon University
53-Cardiff University
54-University Of Westminster
55-University Of Bolton
56-University Of Birmingham
57Imperial College London
58-Northumbria University
59-University Of Greenwich
60-Middlesex University
61-Thames Valley University (TVU)
62-Lancaster University
63-St Georges, University Of London
64-Oxford University, Department For Continuing Education
65-Liverpool John Moores University



This section lists the graduate/postgraduate school rankings available for Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering engineering programs in UK:
Bioengineering/Biomedical Engineering U.K. News Rank University--


1-Northumbria Commercial Enterprises Ltd
2-Oxford University
3-University Of Liverpool
4-King's College London (University Of London)
5-University Of Central Lancashire
6-Anglia Ruskin University
7-De Montfort University
8-University College London - Ucl (University Of London)
9-University Of Strathclyde
10-University Of Warwick
11-Kingston University London
12-University Of Aberdeen
13-London School Of Hygiene And Tropical Medicine
14-University Of Chester
15-University Of The West Of England, Bristol
16-Manchester Metropolitan University
17-Nottingham Trent University
18-University Of Portsmouth
19-University Of Bradford
20-University Of Plymouth
21-University Of Surrey
22-University Of Manchester (The)
23-Edinburgh Napier University
24-University Of Nottingham
25-Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine
26-Sheffield Hallam University
27-University Of Wolverhampton
23-City University London
28-Newcastle University
29-Durham University
30-University Of Hull
31-University Of Salford
32-University Of Wales Institute, Cardiff (Uwic)
33-University Of Bristol
34-University Of Glasgow
35-Cranfield University
36-Glasgow Caledonian University
37-Queen's University Belfast
38-University Of Dundee
39-Aston University, Birmingham
40-University Of East London
41-University Of Edinburgh
42-Bournemouth University
43-Birkbeck, University Of London
44-University Of Ulster
45-University Of Leeds
46-University Of Sheffield
47-University Of Brighton
48-Royal Holloway, University Of London
49-Queen Mary, University Of London
50-University Of Cambridge
51-London Metropolitan University
52-Robert Gordon University
53-Cardiff University
54-University Of Westminster
55-University Of Bolton
56-University Of Birmingham
57Imperial College London
58-Northumbria University
59-University Of Greenwich
60-Middlesex University
61-Thames Valley University (TVU)
62-Lancaster University
63-St Georges, University Of London
64-Oxford University, Department For Continuing Education
65-Liverpool John Moores University

Monday, November 9, 2009

Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal,diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology).

As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), nuclear medicine, investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography, medical photography and microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations).

Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG),Electrocardiography (EKG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

In the clinical context, medical imaging is generally equated to radiology or "clinical imaging" and the medical practitioner responsible for interpreting (and sometimes acquiring) the images is a radiologist. Diagnostic radiography designates the technical aspects of medical imaging and in particular the acquisition of medical images. The radiographer or radiologic technologistis usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnostic quality, although some radiological interventions are performed by radiologists. While radiology is an evaluation of anatomy, nuclear medicine provides functional assessment.


Overview

As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of biomedical engineering, medical physics or medicine depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition (e.g. radiography), modelling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics andcomputer science; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and the medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science (neuroscience, cardiology, psychiatry, psychology, etc) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have scientific andindustrial applications.

Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that noninvasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body. In this restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solution of mathematical inverse problems. This means that cause (the properties of living tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal). In the case of ultrasonography the probe consists of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoes inside the tissue show the internal structure. In the case of projection radiography, the probe is X-ray radiation which is absorbed at different rates in different tissue types such as bone, muscle and fat.


Imaging technology


Electron microscopy

The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons as the source of illumination, magnifying at levels up to 2,000,000 times.

Electron microscopy is employed in anatomic pathology to identify organelles within the cells. Its usefulness has been greatly reduced by immunhistochemistry but it is still irreplaceable for the diagnosis of kidney disease, identification of immotile cilia syndrome and many other tasks


Radiographic

Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging; projection radiography and fluoroscopy, with latter useful for intraoperative and catheter guidance. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite the advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on application, lower radiation dosages. This imaging modality utilizes a wide beam of x rays for image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modern medicine.

  • Fluoroscopy produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in a similar fashion to radiography, but employs a constant input of x-rays, at a lower dose rate. Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in image-guided procedures when constant feedback during a procedure is required. An image receptor is required to convert the radiation into an image after it has passed through the area of interest. Early on this was a fluorescing screen, which gave way to an Image Amplifier (IA) which was a large vacuum tube that had the receiving end coated with cesium iodide, and a mirror at the opposite end. Eventually the mirror was replaced with a TV camera.
  • Projectional radiographs, more commonly known as x-rays, are often used to determine the type and extent of a fracture as well as for detecting pathological changes in the lungs. With the use of radio-opaque contrast media, such as barium, they can also be used to visualize the structure of the stomach and intestines - this can help diagnose ulcers or certain types of colon cancer.


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A brain MRI representation

A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI scanner), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. MRI uses three electromagnetic fields: a very strong (on the order of units of teslas) static magnetic field to polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the static field; a weaker time-varying (on the order of 1 kHz) field(s) for spatial encoding, called the gradient field(s); and a weak radio-frequency (RF) field for manipulation of the hydrogen nuclei to produce measurable signals, collected through an RF antenna.

Like CT, MRI traditionally creates a two dimensional image of a thin "slice" of the body and is therefore considered a tomographic imaging technique. Modern MRI instruments are capable of producing images in the form of 3D blocks, which may be considered a generalisation of the single-slice, tomographic, concept. Unlike CT, MRI does not involve the use of ionizing radiation and is therefore not associated with the same health hazards. For example, because MRI has only been in use since the early 1980s, there are no known long-term effects of exposure to strong static fields (this is the subject of some debate; see 'Safety' in MRI) and therefore there is no limit to the number of scans to which an individual can be subjected, in contrast with X-ray and CT. However, there are well-identified health risks associated with tissue heating from exposure to the RF field and the presence of implanted devices in the body, such as pace makers. These risks are strictly controlled as part of the design of the instrument and the scanning protocols used.

Because CT and MRI are sensitive to different tissue properties, the appearance of the images obtained with the two techniques differ markedly. In CT, X-rays must be blocked by some form of dense tissue to create an image, so the image quality when looking at soft tissues will be poor. In MRI, while any nucleus with a net nuclear spin can be used, the proton of the hydrogen atom remains the most widely used, especially in the clinical setting, because it is so ubiquitous and returns a large signal. This nucleus, present in water molecules, allows the excellent soft-tissue contrast achievable with MRI.


Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging & therapeutics [1]. Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and the energetic particles emitted from radioactive material to diagnose or treat various pathology. Different from the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear medicine enables assessment of physiology. This function-based approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in most subspecialties, notably oncology, neurology, and cardiology.

  • Gamma cameras are used in nuclear medicine to detect regions of biologic activity that may be associated with disease. Relatively short lived isotope, such as 123I is administered to the patient. Isotopes are often preferentially absorbed by biologically active tissue in the body, and can be used to identify tumors or fracture points in bone. Images are acquired after collimated photons are detected by a crystal that gives off a light signal, which is in turn amplified and converted into count data. Gamma cameras can have a variable number of detector heads with two being the most common configuration. 2D planar images can be acquired of the body or multiple time-capture images can be combined into a dynamic sequence cine of a physiologic process over time. A 3D tomographic technique known as SPECT uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes. A dual detector head gamma camera combined with a CT scanner, which provides localization of functional SPECT data, is termed a SPECT/CT camera, and has shown utility in advancing the field of molecular imaging.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes. Short-lived positron emitting isotope, such as 18F, is incorporated with an organic substance such as glucose, creating F18-fluorodeoxyglucose, which can be used as a marker of metabolic utilization. Images of activity distribution throughout the body can show rapidly growing tissue, like tumor, metastasis, or infection. PET images can be viewed in comparison to computed tomography scans to determine an anatomic correlate. Modern scanners combine PET with a CT, or even MRI, to optimize the image reconstruction involved with positron imaging. This is performed on the same equipment without physically moving the patient off of the gantry. The resultant hybrid of functional and anatomic imaging information is a useful tool in non-invasive diagnosis and patient management.
  • Nuclear medicine therapy includes treatment with unsealed radioactive material in various forms, including free beta radiation emitting isotope, bound to antibody (radioimmunotherapy), and directly administered, as in resin microsphere therapy. Imaging aspects to many of these therapeutic procedures can add to the evaluation of efficacy.


Photoacoustic imaging

Photoacoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages of optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging in (optical) diffusive or quasi-diffusive regime. Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin melanoma detection, etc.


Breast Thermography

Needs main article Digital Infrared Imaging Thermography is based on the principle that metabolic activity and vascular circulation in both pre-cancerous tissue and the area surrounding a developing breast cancer is almost always higher than in normal breast tissue. Cancerous tumors require an ever-increasing supply of nutrients and therefore increase circulation to their cells by holding open existing blood vessels, opening dormant vessels, and creating new ones (neoangiogenesis). This process frequently results in an increase in regional surface temperatures of the breast. Digital Infrared Imaging uses extremely sensitive medical infrared cameras and sophisticated computers to detect, analyze, and produce high-resolution diagnostic images of these temperature variations. Because of DII’s sensitivity, these temperature variations may be among the earliest signs of breast cancer and/or a pre-cancerous state of the breast[2].


Tomography

Tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object resulting in a tomogram. There are several forms of tomography:

  • Linear tomography: This is the most basic form of tomography. The X-ray tube moved from point "A" to point "B" above the patient, while the cassette holder (or "bucky") moves simultaneously under the patient from point "B" to point "A." The fulcrum, or pivot point, is set to the area of interest. In this manner, the points above and below the focal plane are blurred out, just as the background is blurred when panning a camera during exposure. No longer carried out and replaced by computed tomography.
  • Poly tomography: This was a complex form of tomography. With this technique, a number of geometrical movements were programmed, such as hypocycloidic, circular, figure 8, and elliptical. Philips Medical Systems [1] produced one such device called the 'Polytome.' This unit was still in use into the 1990s, as its resulting images for small or difficult physiology, such as the inner ear, was still difficult to image with CTs at that time. As the resolution of CTs got better, this procedure was taken over by the CT.
  • Zonography: This is a variant of linear tomography, where a limited arc of movement is used. It is still used in some centres for visualising the kidney during an intravenous urogram (IVU).
  • Orthopantomography (OPT or OPG): The only common tomographic examination in use. This makes use of a complex movement to allow the radiographic examination of the mandible, as if it were a flat bone. It is often referred to as a "Panorex", but this is incorrect, as it is a trademark of a specific company's equipment
  • Computed Tomography (CT), or Computed Axial Tomography (CAT): A CT scan, also known as a CAT scan, is a helical tomography (latest generation), which traditionally produces a 2D image of the structures in a thin section of the body. It uses X-rays. It has a greater ionizing radiation dose burden than projection radiography; repeated scans must be limited to avoid health effects.


Ultrasound

Medical ultrasonography uses high frequency broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no ionizing radiation, and contains speckle that can be used in elastography. It is very safe to use and does not appear to cause any adverse effects, although information on this is not well documented. It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform. Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill patients in intensive care units, avoiding the danger caused while moving the patient to the radiology department. The real time moving image obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow the blood flow in arteries and veins to be assessed.


Medical imaging topics


Creation of three-dimensional images

Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are produced using a somewhat similar technique.

With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins Ladan and Laleh Bijani in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success.

Other proposed or developed techniques include:

Some of these techniques are still at a research stage and not yet used in clinical routines.


Non-diagnostic imaging

Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people (especially disabled persons) to control outside devices, acting as a brain computer interface.


Archiving and Recording

Used primarily in ultrasound imaging, capturing the image a medical imaging device is required for archiving and telemedicine applications. In most scenarios, a frame grabber is used in order to capture the video signal from the medical device and relay it to a computer for further processing and operations.[3]


Open source software

Several open source software packages are available for performing analysis of medical images:


Proprietary software


Use in Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials

Medical imaging has become a major tool in clinical trials since it enables rapid diagnosis with visualization and quantitative assessment.

A typical clinical trial goes through multiple phases and can take up to eight years. Clinical endpoints or outcomes are used to determine whether the therapy is safe and effective. Once a patient reaches the endpoint, he/she is generally excluded from further experimental interaction. Trials that rely solely on clinical endpoints are very costly as they have long durations and tend to need large number of patients.

In contrast to clinical endpoints, surrogate endpoints have been shown to cut down the time required to confirm whether a drug has clinical benefits. Imaging biomarkers (a characteristic that is objectively measured by an imaging technique, which is used as an indicator of pharmacological response to a therapy) and surrogate endpoints have shown to facilitate the use of small group sizes, obtaining quick results with good statistical power.[4]

Imaging is able to reveal subtle change that is indicative of the progression of therapy that may be missed out by more subjective, traditional approaches. Statistical bias is reduced as the findings are evaluated without any direct patient contact.

For example, measurement of tumour shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate endpoint in solid tumour response evaluation. This allows for faster and more objective assessment of the effects of anticancer drugs. In evaluating the extent of Alzheimer’s disease, it is still prevalent to use behavioural and cognitive tests. MRI scans on the entire brain can accurately pinpoint hippocampal atrophy rate while PET scans is able to measure the brain’s metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose metabolism. [5]

An imaging-based trial will usually be made up of three components:

1. A realistic imaging protocol. The protocol is an outline that standardizes (as far as practically possible) the way in which the images are acquired using the various modalities (PET,SPECT, CT, MRI). It covers the specifics in which images are to be stored, processes and evaluated.

2. An imaging centre that is responsible for collecting the images, perform quality control and provide tools for data storage, distribution and analysis. It is important for images acquired at different time points are displayed in a standardised format to maintain the reliability of the evaluation. Certain specialised imaging contract research organizations provide to end medical imaging services, from protocol design and site management through to data quality assurance and image analysis.

3. Clinical sites that recruit patients to generate the images to send back to the imaging centre.


Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal,diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology).

As a discipline and in its widest sense, it is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology (in the wider sense), nuclear medicine, investigative radiological sciences, endoscopy, (medical) thermography, medical photography and microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations).

Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG),Electrocardiography (EKG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging.

In the clinical context, medical imaging is generally equated to radiology or "clinical imaging" and the medical practitioner responsible for interpreting (and sometimes acquiring) the images is a radiologist. Diagnostic radiography designates the technical aspects of medical imaging and in particular the acquisition of medical images. The radiographer or radiologic technologistis usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnostic quality, although some radiological interventions are performed by radiologists. While radiology is an evaluation of anatomy, nuclear medicine provides functional assessment.


Overview

As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of biomedical engineering, medical physics or medicine depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition (e.g. radiography), modelling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics andcomputer science; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and the medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science (neuroscience, cardiology, psychiatry, psychology, etc) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have scientific andindustrial applications.

Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that noninvasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body. In this restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solution of mathematical inverse problems. This means that cause (the properties of living tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal). In the case of ultrasonography the probe consists of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoes inside the tissue show the internal structure. In the case of projection radiography, the probe is X-ray radiation which is absorbed at different rates in different tissue types such as bone, muscle and fat.


Imaging technology


Electron microscopy

The electron microscope is a microscope that can magnify very small details with high resolving power due to the use of electrons as the source of illumination, magnifying at levels up to 2,000,000 times.

Electron microscopy is employed in anatomic pathology to identify organelles within the cells. Its usefulness has been greatly reduced by immunhistochemistry but it is still irreplaceable for the diagnosis of kidney disease, identification of immotile cilia syndrome and many other tasks


Radiographic

Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging; projection radiography and fluoroscopy, with latter useful for intraoperative and catheter guidance. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite the advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on application, lower radiation dosages. This imaging modality utilizes a wide beam of x rays for image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modern medicine.

  • Fluoroscopy produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in a similar fashion to radiography, but employs a constant input of x-rays, at a lower dose rate. Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in image-guided procedures when constant feedback during a procedure is required. An image receptor is required to convert the radiation into an image after it has passed through the area of interest. Early on this was a fluorescing screen, which gave way to an Image Amplifier (IA) which was a large vacuum tube that had the receiving end coated with cesium iodide, and a mirror at the opposite end. Eventually the mirror was replaced with a TV camera.
  • Projectional radiographs, more commonly known as x-rays, are often used to determine the type and extent of a fracture as well as for detecting pathological changes in the lungs. With the use of radio-opaque contrast media, such as barium, they can also be used to visualize the structure of the stomach and intestines - this can help diagnose ulcers or certain types of colon cancer.


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A brain MRI representation

A magnetic resonance imaging instrument (MRI scanner), or "nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging" scanner as it was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei (single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. MRI uses three electromagnetic fields: a very strong (on the order of units of teslas) static magnetic field to polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the static field; a weaker time-varying (on the order of 1 kHz) field(s) for spatial encoding, called the gradient field(s); and a weak radio-frequency (RF) field for manipulation of the hydrogen nuclei to produce measurable signals, collected through an RF antenna.

Like CT, MRI traditionally creates a two dimensional image of a thin "slice" of the body and is therefore considered a tomographic imaging technique. Modern MRI instruments are capable of producing images in the form of 3D blocks, which may be considered a generalisation of the single-slice, tomographic, concept. Unlike CT, MRI does not involve the use of ionizing radiation and is therefore not associated with the same health hazards. For example, because MRI has only been in use since the early 1980s, there are no known long-term effects of exposure to strong static fields (this is the subject of some debate; see 'Safety' in MRI) and therefore there is no limit to the number of scans to which an individual can be subjected, in contrast with X-ray and CT. However, there are well-identified health risks associated with tissue heating from exposure to the RF field and the presence of implanted devices in the body, such as pace makers. These risks are strictly controlled as part of the design of the instrument and the scanning protocols used.

Because CT and MRI are sensitive to different tissue properties, the appearance of the images obtained with the two techniques differ markedly. In CT, X-rays must be blocked by some form of dense tissue to create an image, so the image quality when looking at soft tissues will be poor. In MRI, while any nucleus with a net nuclear spin can be used, the proton of the hydrogen atom remains the most widely used, especially in the clinical setting, because it is so ubiquitous and returns a large signal. This nucleus, present in water molecules, allows the excellent soft-tissue contrast achievable with MRI.


Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging & therapeutics [1]. Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and the energetic particles emitted from radioactive material to diagnose or treat various pathology. Different from the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear medicine enables assessment of physiology. This function-based approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in most subspecialties, notably oncology, neurology, and cardiology.

  • Gamma cameras are used in nuclear medicine to detect regions of biologic activity that may be associated with disease. Relatively short lived isotope, such as 123I is administered to the patient. Isotopes are often preferentially absorbed by biologically active tissue in the body, and can be used to identify tumors or fracture points in bone. Images are acquired after collimated photons are detected by a crystal that gives off a light signal, which is in turn amplified and converted into count data. Gamma cameras can have a variable number of detector heads with two being the most common configuration. 2D planar images can be acquired of the body or multiple time-capture images can be combined into a dynamic sequence cine of a physiologic process over time. A 3D tomographic technique known as SPECT uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes. A dual detector head gamma camera combined with a CT scanner, which provides localization of functional SPECT data, is termed a SPECT/CT camera, and has shown utility in advancing the field of molecular imaging.
  • Positron emission tomography (PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes. Short-lived positron emitting isotope, such as 18F, is incorporated with an organic substance such as glucose, creating F18-fluorodeoxyglucose, which can be used as a marker of metabolic utilization. Images of activity distribution throughout the body can show rapidly growing tissue, like tumor, metastasis, or infection. PET images can be viewed in comparison to computed tomography scans to determine an anatomic correlate. Modern scanners combine PET with a CT, or even MRI, to optimize the image reconstruction involved with positron imaging. This is performed on the same equipment without physically moving the patient off of the gantry. The resultant hybrid of functional and anatomic imaging information is a useful tool in non-invasive diagnosis and patient management.
  • Nuclear medicine therapy includes treatment with unsealed radioactive material in various forms, including free beta radiation emitting isotope, bound to antibody (radioimmunotherapy), and directly administered, as in resin microsphere therapy. Imaging aspects to many of these therapeutic procedures can add to the evaluation of efficacy.


Photoacoustic imaging

Photoacoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages of optical absorption contrast with ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging in (optical) diffusive or quasi-diffusive regime. Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin melanoma detection, etc.


Breast Thermography

Needs main article Digital Infrared Imaging Thermography is based on the principle that metabolic activity and vascular circulation in both pre-cancerous tissue and the area surrounding a developing breast cancer is almost always higher than in normal breast tissue. Cancerous tumors require an ever-increasing supply of nutrients and therefore increase circulation to their cells by holding open existing blood vessels, opening dormant vessels, and creating new ones (neoangiogenesis). This process frequently results in an increase in regional surface temperatures of the breast. Digital Infrared Imaging uses extremely sensitive medical infrared cameras and sophisticated computers to detect, analyze, and produce high-resolution diagnostic images of these temperature variations. Because of DII’s sensitivity, these temperature variations may be among the earliest signs of breast cancer and/or a pre-cancerous state of the breast[2].


Tomography

Tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object resulting in a tomogram. There are several forms of tomography:

  • Linear tomography: This is the most basic form of tomography. The X-ray tube moved from point "A" to point "B" above the patient, while the cassette holder (or "bucky") moves simultaneously under the patient from point "B" to point "A." The fulcrum, or pivot point, is set to the area of interest. In this manner, the points above and below the focal plane are blurred out, just as the background is blurred when panning a camera during exposure. No longer carried out and replaced by computed tomography.
  • Poly tomography: This was a complex form of tomography. With this technique, a number of geometrical movements were programmed, such as hypocycloidic, circular, figure 8, and elliptical. Philips Medical Systems [1] produced one such device called the 'Polytome.' This unit was still in use into the 1990s, as its resulting images for small or difficult physiology, such as the inner ear, was still difficult to image with CTs at that time. As the resolution of CTs got better, this procedure was taken over by the CT.
  • Zonography: This is a variant of linear tomography, where a limited arc of movement is used. It is still used in some centres for visualising the kidney during an intravenous urogram (IVU).
  • Orthopantomography (OPT or OPG): The only common tomographic examination in use. This makes use of a complex movement to allow the radiographic examination of the mandible, as if it were a flat bone. It is often referred to as a "Panorex", but this is incorrect, as it is a trademark of a specific company's equipment
  • Computed Tomography (CT), or Computed Axial Tomography (CAT): A CT scan, also known as a CAT scan, is a helical tomography (latest generation), which traditionally produces a 2D image of the structures in a thin section of the body. It uses X-rays. It has a greater ionizing radiation dose burden than projection radiography; repeated scans must be limited to avoid health effects.


Ultrasound

Medical ultrasonography uses high frequency broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies the function of moving structures in real-time, emits no ionizing radiation, and contains speckle that can be used in elastography. It is very safe to use and does not appear to cause any adverse effects, although information on this is not well documented. It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform. Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill patients in intensive care units, avoiding the danger caused while moving the patient to the radiology department. The real time moving image obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow the blood flow in arteries and veins to be assessed.


Medical imaging topics


Creation of three-dimensional images

Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are produced using a somewhat similar technique.

With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins Ladan and Laleh Bijani in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success.

Other proposed or developed techniques include:

Some of these techniques are still at a research stage and not yet used in clinical routines.


Non-diagnostic imaging

Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people (especially disabled persons) to control outside devices, acting as a brain computer interface.


Archiving and Recording

Used primarily in ultrasound imaging, capturing the image a medical imaging device is required for archiving and telemedicine applications. In most scenarios, a frame grabber is used in order to capture the video signal from the medical device and relay it to a computer for further processing and operations.[3]


Open source software

Several open source software packages are available for performing analysis of medical images:


Proprietary software


Use in Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials

Medical imaging has become a major tool in clinical trials since it enables rapid diagnosis with visualization and quantitative assessment.

A typical clinical trial goes through multiple phases and can take up to eight years. Clinical endpoints or outcomes are used to determine whether the therapy is safe and effective. Once a patient reaches the endpoint, he/she is generally excluded from further experimental interaction. Trials that rely solely on clinical endpoints are very costly as they have long durations and tend to need large number of patients.

In contrast to clinical endpoints, surrogate endpoints have been shown to cut down the time required to confirm whether a drug has clinical benefits. Imaging biomarkers (a characteristic that is objectively measured by an imaging technique, which is used as an indicator of pharmacological response to a therapy) and surrogate endpoints have shown to facilitate the use of small group sizes, obtaining quick results with good statistical power.[4]

Imaging is able to reveal subtle change that is indicative of the progression of therapy that may be missed out by more subjective, traditional approaches. Statistical bias is reduced as the findings are evaluated without any direct patient contact.

For example, measurement of tumour shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate endpoint in solid tumour response evaluation. This allows for faster and more objective assessment of the effects of anticancer drugs. In evaluating the extent of Alzheimer’s disease, it is still prevalent to use behavioural and cognitive tests. MRI scans on the entire brain can accurately pinpoint hippocampal atrophy rate while PET scans is able to measure the brain’s metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose metabolism. [5]

An imaging-based trial will usually be made up of three components:

1. A realistic imaging protocol. The protocol is an outline that standardizes (as far as practically possible) the way in which the images are acquired using the various modalities (PET,SPECT, CT, MRI). It covers the specifics in which images are to be stored, processes and evaluated.

2. An imaging centre that is responsible for collecting the images, perform quality control and provide tools for data storage, distribution and analysis. It is important for images acquired at different time points are displayed in a standardised format to maintain the reliability of the evaluation. Certain specialised imaging contract research organizations provide to end medical imaging services, from protocol design and site management through to data quality assurance and image analysis.

3. Clinical sites that recruit patients to generate the images to send back to the imaging centre.